Leaving

1. Nowadays, many immigrants have moved to America(north, central, and south) for many reasons, searching for a fresh start. My family was one of them. I was born in Egypt and lived there for six years of my life. My family’s decision to immigrate to Canada was basically for my future. At that time, the state of the Egyptian government was very unstable, the economy was poor and there were many problems between Christians and Muslims in the country. Also, the education system in Egypt is not one of the best in the world. So, thinking of my future, my parents decided to immigrate to Canada. I have been living here for 12 years now. My country will always be the best to my eyes but I have to say my place is in Canada. In one’s life, it is highly likely that one will hear somebody say â€Å"I've been lucky to have some great opportunities acting with some great people since leaving my country† or â€Å" I have certainly been kept busy since leaving the street! † talking about how much his life is better in another country. In M. G. Vassanji’s short story, â€Å"Leaving† we followed the plot which took place in Tanzania in the 21st century. The story gives a clear representation of immigrant’s lives, their motives and their most dominant struggles. The story can be perceived from many different angles with the use of context, the character’s evolution, the language used and the plot. The origin of â€Å" Uhuru Street† and more specifically of â€Å"Leaving† has much to do with the origin of M. G. Vassanji. Vassanji is a Canadian writer of Indian identity. He was born in Kenya and spent his early years in the south of Asia, in Tanzania. In his written pieces, he concentrates on the situation of south Asians living in Africa. There, we can already see a direct link of vassanji’s life and the people he writes about. Much like Aloo in â€Å"Leaving†, he even received a scholarship to the university of Massachusetts. In his stories, Vassanji analyzes the lives of those people, which are affected by the several migrations. The short story that I chose takes place in Tanzania, Africa. It involves an Indian family living in Africa dealing with the possibility of migration of one of the sons to America and how this could affect his and his whole family’s life. In the story, the son is helped by his family to go to university in America. The mother suffers because she is a widow who raised four children and has trouble letting her son go. â€Å"Leaving† mainly talks about the leaving of the place where our roots are, nowing that everything will change. M. G Vassanji’s style is very unique. It is rather simple and direct combining real life events with heart-felt emotions, nationalities and historical facts. This author had many motives and purposes in writing this story. First of all, this story is a reproduction of a part of his experience because he went through the same life issues as Aloo did. Secondly, the story is a representation of the fears of Indians and immigrants in general. In â€Å"Leaving†, the mother fears that her son will loose a part of his heritage, living in a country where there is no link to it and where there is no daily practice of it and she risks loosing her son. She is also afraid of letting him go because of her protective nature and roots. Third of all, Vassanji intended to show the reader what immigrants go through, what their values are and how they live. Aloo’s motive for leaving Africa even though he was not accepted in the program he applied for says a lot about the living conditions of immigrants to Africa. 2. A)The story is about the life of an Indian family of a widow mother, her two daughters and two sons living in Africa. At the beginning, we learn that the two daughters have gotten married and the mother misses them. Aloo’s mother, as we remark, places all her hope in her son Aloo hoping he will be a man with good opportunities followed by a bright future. Aloo and the narrator are the youngest of 4 children, 2 boys and 2 girls, raised by their widow mother. We learn as we read the story that the daughters are married and out of their mother’s house. This leaves a large burden on the mother’s shoulders as she starts feeling emotions of loneliness. One day, the family sells their store and move from Uhuru Street to Upanga, which was described as peaceful and quiet. During Aloo’s graduate year, he goes on a life changing fieldtrip with a former professor back from abroad. His chat with the professor was the turning point that made Aloo get courage to apply to an American university. In reaction to this desire, Aloo’s mother humored the boy, feeling this was a waste of time. she did not want to get his hopes up only to see them shattered afterwards. When the character finally receives the letter from the California institute of technology, Aloo learns he has been accepted in the agriculture program. Aloo initially wanted to go into medicine and had gotten accepted in the local university of Tanzania. Mother, surprised by the news, kept trying to put Aloo down to protect him and keep him from leaving telling him they did not have enough money. She also joked about how some of his uncles in America would help with financial aid. When Aloo kept insisting, they all decided to confide in an old friend, Mr. Velji. Mr. Velji was very impressed by Aloo’s straight A average and said that it would be a good opportunity and a good experience for the young man. Mother had a hard time letting her son go but ended up doing it to make him happy. The final passage of the story is a letter from Aloo written from London telling his family how much London is a beautiful place and sharing his wonderful experience with them. All the events that happened in the plot are a brief explanation of the passage. First, the event of the mother’s letting her other son, the narrator, go to America foreshadowed that she would have problems letting Aloo go as well but that she would finally let him leave. Second, when Aloo started having hope to go to America and was determined to go, foreshadows the fact that he would expect so much from his trip and would change during this trip as we read in the passage. Third of all, when the mother chose to ask Mr. Velji’s opinions about Aloo’s departure, we could see that she knew what she was doing. She knew that, with his experience from going to America himself, he would be able to judge the situation wisely. This can be related to the character’s evolution in the passage. 2. B) We can see that, in this specific passage, two characters have evolved: Aloo and the mother. In the beginning of the story, the reader’s perception of Aloo is a young adult chasing after his dream of getting into the medicine program. He was viewed as an excellent student with a straight â€Å"A† average. When he receives the letter from the university of California back and finds out he was accepted, he decides he would go to the university because of the fact that he was an Indian being accepted and welcomed by many fraternities in an American university. we can see that his acceptance was a very unusual thing happening because of the discrimination that exists in America nowadays towards immigrants. This event marked the start of his evolution. The passage itself is a letter written by Aloo to his family from London, where e had stopped to visit a friend, telling them how the places he has visited are so different and so beautiful. This passage can have many interpretations. Aloo can be simply sharing a wonderful experience with his mother and siblings or he could be telling them that finally he is living and that what he used to live in Asia is not good enough. In London, he felt as if he was in a world of freedom and opportunities and that Asia was a prison that he escaped from. The second character to whom we can associate a certain evolution in the passage of the short story â€Å"Leaving† is Aloo’s mother. Throughout the beginning of the story up to the middle, the mother had been rather neutral about Aloo’s going away to university. She did not want to encourage him because of many reasons. First of all, she knew that being of Indian origin, he would probably have more trouble than Americans in getting into the university. She did not want to get his hopes up and then see all of his dreams shattered because of the discrimination that exists in the U. S. A. Secondly, she knew that if he ever was accepted and did go away to university, he would probably like his life there more than his life in dare s salam and therefore would not think about coming back. On the other hand, she also was afraid that he would loose a part of his Indian identity if he went to another country and changed his way of living. Basically, in all of the preceding reasons, the mother just wants to protect her child from the outside world that she knows nothing about. Then, in the second half of the story, the mother’s behavior and view concerning Aloo’s departure slowly starts changing. Her love for her son, her protective ways and seeing her son’s dreams being shattered when she tells him that he will not be leaving make her start to see that she needs to learn to let go. In the passage, after the mother has read Aloo’s letter, she stares into the distance. She stares into the distance because she sees what she feared happening in front of her eyes. At this point, we see that she is still worried about her child especially after her interpretation of the words in his letter, but she is ready to accept what life brings him and let him build the bases of his own life. I think time is the wisest counselor for her. 2. d) In the passage, there is a sentence that has a rather hidden meaning from Aloo’s point of view. Vassanji wrote, â€Å"Even the mountains are clean and civilized†. This part of the phrase means that Aloo is criticizing his old life, the life with his mother and siblings in Tanzania as to say that he has finally reached what is the real civilization. He is basically showing them that he is finally in a better place when he never even imagined of going there until a few months before. Vassanji wrote: â€Å"Aloo’s first letter came a week after he left, from London where he’d stopped over to see a former classmate. It flowed over with excitement. How can I describe it,’ he wrote, ‘the sight from the plane†¦mile upon mile of carefully tilled fields, the earth divided into neat green squares†¦even the mountains are clean and civilized. And London†¦Oh London! It seemed that it would never end†¦blocks and blocks of houses, squares, parks, monuments†¦could any city be larger?†¦ How many of our Dar es Salaams would fit here , in this one gorgeous city†¦? A bird flapping its wings: Mr Velji nodding wisely in his chair, Mother staring into the distance. † 3. As I mentioned before, this specific passage, can be viewed in two ways. The most obvious one is that Aloo’s letter is simply a way of expressing his wonderful experience and sharing this happy moment with his family with no other intention. This interpretation is a rather innocent interpretation of Aloo’s character in the way that he is sharing his excitement of seeing things he has never even imagined before. The other decipherment of this passage is an unfavorable one. The view is that Aloo wrote the letter as a criticism of the Asian lifestyle and as a method of telling his family how he is in a better place and has a better life. Some may even read the mother’s reaction of staring into the distance as a selfish one. The mother would be thinking about how her son has left her and went to a better place after all she did for him. She might even be jealous of the fact that her son has many opportunities that she never got to have as a young adult. Of course she is happy that he gets to go and chase after his dreams but she is sad at the idea that he chose his dreams over his mother. 4. With the use of context, character’s evolution and plot, we can see that this passage has a large variety of interpretations. Aloo’s words are either perceived as innocent and good or selfish and bad. He could be writing to his family to share a wonderful, breathtaking experience or he could be writing to tell them how much life in Africa is a prison and how he has finally found the real life. Either way, the most important aspect of this passage is the fact that Aloo left his a country that resembled his own and people who are like him to go towards the unknown. What are his motives for doing so? The predominant incitement for this choice is the fact that he is an Indian boy being accepted and highly welcomed by several fraternities to the university. This was truly a once in a lifetime opportunity because the Indians and immigrants in general, from what we understand from the story, were discriminated against at that time in America. Etymology of words: Green: â€Å"O. E. grene, earlier groeni, related to O. E. growan â€Å"to grow,† from W. Gmc. *gronja- (cf. O. Fris. grene, O. N. gr? nn, Dan. gron, Du. groen, Ger. grun), from PIE base *gro- â€Å"grow,† through sense of â€Å"color of living plants. † The color of jealousy at least since Shakespeare (1596); â€Å"Greensleeves,† ballad of an inconstant lady-love, is from 1580. Meaning of â€Å"a field, grassy place† was in O. E. Sense of â€Å"of tender age, youthful† is from 1412; hence â€Å"gullible† (1605). Greenhorn (containing the sense of â€Å"new, fresh, recent†) was first â€Å"young horned animal† (1455), then â€Å"recently enlisted soldier† (1650), then â€Å"any inexperienced person† (1682). Green light in figurative sense of â€Å"permission† is from 1937. Green and red as signals on railways first attested 1883, as nighttime substitutes for semaphore flags. Green beret originally â€Å"British commando† is from 1949. Green room â€Å"room for actors when not on stage† is from 1701; presumably a well-known one was painted green. †[1] Block solid piece,† c. 1305, from O. Fr. bloc â€Å"log, block,† via M. Du. bloc â€Å"trunk of a tree† or O. H. G. bloh, both from PIE *bhlugo-, from *bhel â€Å"a thick plank, beam. † Slang sense of â€Å"head† is from 1635. The meaning in city block is 1796 , from the notion of a â€Å"compact mass† of buildings; slang meaning â€Å"fashionable promenade† is 1869. Extended sense of â€Å"obstruction† is first recorded 1649. The verb â€Å"to obstruct† is from 1570. Blockhead â€Å"stupid person† (1549) was originally a head-shaped oaken block used by hat-makers. Blockade first used 1680, with false Fr. ending (the Fr. word is blocus). Blockhouse is c. 500, of unknown origin. † Flappig/Fly â€Å"†to soar through air,† O. E. fleogan (class II strong verb; past tense fleag, pp. flogen), from W. Gmc. *fleuganan (cf. O. H. G. fliogan, O. N. flugja, M. Du. vlieghen, Ger. fliegen), from PIE *pleu- â€Å"flowing, floating† (cf. Lith. plaukiu â€Å"to swim†). The O. E. plural in -n (cf. oxen) gradually normalized 13c. -15c. to -s. Notion of â€Å"flapping as a wing does† led to sense of â€Å"tent flap† (1810), which yielded (1844) â€Å"covering for buttons that close up a garment. † Flying buttress is from 1669. Fly-fishing (from fly (n. )) is from 1653; while flying fish is from c. 511. Flying saucer first attested 1947, though the image of saucers for unidentified flying objects is from at least 1880s. Flying Dutchman ghost ship first recorded c. 1830, in Jeffrey, Baron de Reigersfeld's â€Å"The Life of a Sea Officer. † Slang phrase fly off the handle â€Å"lose one's cool† dates from 1825. On the fly is 1851. Flying colors (1706) is probably from the image of a naval vessel with the national flag bravely displayed. † Distance â€Å"c. 1290, from O. Fr. destance, from L. distantia â€Å"a standing apart,† from distantem (nom. distans) â€Å"standing apart, separate, distant,† prp. f distare â€Å"stand apart,† from dis- â€Å"apart, off† + stare â€Å"to stand† (see stet). The figurative sense is the same as in stand-offish. Phrase go the distance (1930s) seems to be origina lly from boxing. † Plane â€Å"flat surface,† 1604, from L. plantum â€Å"flat surface,† properly neut. of adj. planus â€Å"flat, level, plain, clear,† from PIE *pla-no- (cf. Lith. plonas â€Å"thin;† Celtic *lanon â€Å"plain;† perhaps also Gk. pelanos â€Å"sacrificial cake, a mixture offered to the gods, offering (of meal, honey, and oil) poured or spread†), suffixed form of base *pele- â€Å"to spread out, broad, flat† (cf. O. C. S. polje â€Å"flat land, field,† Rus. polyi â€Å"open;† O. E. , O. H. G. feld, M. Du. veld â€Å"field†). Fig. sense is attested from 1850. The verb meaning â€Å"soar, glide on motionless wings† is first recorded 1611, from M. Fr. planer (16c. ), from L. planum on notion of bird gliding with flattened wings. Of boats, etc. , â€Å"to skim over the surface of water† it is first found 1913. † Maps [pic] [pic] Ramatan Abdel-Maksoud Analysis of â€Å"Leaving† 603-103-04 David Fielding March 6th 2009 ———————– [1] http://www. Etymonline. com (all etymologies of words)

Modern audience Essay

In Romeo and Juliet, the play is set in the 1590’s, which is a very different way of life than today. So to make the play appeal to an audience of today it needs to be altered a little. I would set it in England. In the bustling city of Newcastle outside of St James’s Park (Newcastle United’s Football Ground). The trouble will occur between two groups of rival football supporters, which are Newcastle (Montague) and Liverpool (Capulet). Two supporters of Liverpool will play the roles of Sampson and Gregory. They will be sitting down outside the stadium waiting for the match to start with a bottle of vodka in a brown paper bag. One will be wearing a black Liverpool coat and blue jeans and the other will wear a Liverpool t-shirt and black jeans. They joke together and boast that they are superior to the Newcastle supporters â€Å"Me they shall feel while I am able to stand, and ’tis known I am a pretty piece of flesh.† Then they are faced with two Newcastle supporters (the serving men). They will both be wearing Newcastle shirts and jeans. Sampson and Gregory hesitate whether to cause a bit of trouble or to leave them alone. They decide to annoy the Newcastle supporters, this is to provoke them so they throw the first punch. The Liverpool supporters do this by making gestures indirectly at them. In Elizabethan times biting your own thumb at people was a rude gesture, and this is what Sampson and Gregory do in the play. But this gesture is not so common at all today, so to modernise it, the gesture will be spitting in front of the Newcastle supporters as they walk past. Then the Newcastle supporters ask the two if they spat at them â€Å"Do you bite your thumb at us, sir?† and the Liverpool supporter says no he didn’t do it towards him on purpose. Then enters Benvolio who will be wearing a Newcastle shirt as well, he is a friend of the manager of Newcastle who looks after the stadium. Instead of fighting with swords they will use their fists. Tybalt enters and will be on Liverpool’s side and he quarrels with Benvolio† Turn thee, Benvolio, look upon thy death,† Then they fight. Several supporters join in from round the corner. Then come the police to stop what is now fast becoming a riot. The Liverpool footballers arrive on their bus oblivious to the riot, the manager of the football team (Capulet) is pulled off the bus and is forced to fight his way out. Then arrives the other manager (Montague) on a bus also. The highest rank of the stadium security (Prince Escales) leads the rest of the guards to stop this riot. After the fight has calmed down everyone has been arrested or taken to hospital except Benvolio, Montague and then enters his wife who was supposed to enter at the same time as Montague but in modern days a women would not involve herself in a fight. Montague then worries about his son Romeo he thinks he might have been involved in the brawl â€Å"O where is Romeo? Saw you him today?† Then enters Romeo and it seems he was not in the riot as he is wearing his Newcastle t-shirt and his jeans which are clean and aren’t ripped or torn. Then Benvolio and Romeo talk together about Romeo’s troubles. Which leads into the next scene.

How Litigation and Court System Affect Immigration Research Paper

How Litigation and Court System Affect Immigration - Research Paper Example The Centre for Public Studies also reported that the United Nations in 2005 found that there were at least 191 million migrants of international descent across the globe. This represents about 3% of the total world populations and is mostly from the developing nations. The numbers of people living in their countries of birth are expected to dwindle in the near future since there is an increasing influx of individuals who seek residence outside their countries of origin mainly for financial reasons. In the current day of world economic recession, influxes of immigrants are posing financial/economic, safety and population challenges in the countries that host immigrants. The increases in population are rising faster than economic growth. Given that most countries are putting down strict laws where immigrants and refugees are concerned, most immigrants are finding â€Å"underhand ways of becoming citizens of the countries† that they desire thereby raising diplomatic and legal con cerns in the countries affected (Romero and Hing 230). The problems that have accompanied the influx of immigrants are not limited to logistical issues on housing and economy, but also on fraud and security issues. Among the most significant questions that have been raised are the employment of non-immigrant citizens, government provision of infrastructure and the longtime change of culture and ways of life of the people; which adversely affects the citizens. For the stated reasons, many governments have developed different policies and laws that govern the acceptance and handling of immigrants. Wexler widely studied that the laws vary from one country to another and the judicial involvement in cases pertaining to such topics also varies from one country to another (1). The politics of immigration in the present day is however increasingly revolving around issues like terrorism and national security. For example, the Australian public policy debates on immigration have been based on the burdens that result from populations surges may have on the infrastructure, public services and the natural environment. There is increasingly a high level of political sensitivity on uncontrolled entry of migrants and the risk of ethnic and racial tensions that might result from such associations. Wexler stated that judicial power has been invoked in the concern for immigration issues and parliament has over time tried to confine the area of operation of the judicial review and the jurisdiction of courts (1). In the United States, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 forms the basic body of immigration law in the country. This Act is also contained in the United States Code (U.S.C.) which contains all the laws of the United States of America. This Act has undergone several amendments so as to reach several current requirements in immigration. In the 1990 Immigration and Nationality Act, an amendment was done to change the preference and level of admission of immigrants into the United States. It was also meant to provide administrative naturalization among other functions.  

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Assets and Risk Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Library extension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Library extension - Essay Example The roof beams are supported by the exterior main columns and are placed as a rafter. A truss is not included since a roof beam can carry the roof loads and also for the reason of abiding by the design intent of having a "high ceiling" and unobstructed natural light from the glazed section of the roof. The foundation is composed of isolated footings and retaining walls for the basement part. The longest span involved is 13 meters which is located at the faade of the building. Since the requirement is for the faade to be entirely composed of glass, two columns are supporting two roof beams propped against each other. The load transfer is synonymous to that of an arch frame. The two columns are supported by a main beam at ground level and beams that connect it to the next span. In the event that a huge lateral load or a very heavy roof load is applied way beyond the structure can support, these columns likely would be the first components to fail. No attachments are made to the existing museum and library, thus the new extension is structurally independent from them. Spans of 4.5 meters and 9 meters are designed for the beams wherein intermediate beams are provided for beams supporting a span of 9 meters. This would yield smaller members in the subsequent analysis and design. Tie beams are also found in the foundation and ground floor framing to support lateral movements. Further, aside from beam-to-column connections, there are beam-to-beam connections as well, and a planted column supporting the stairs. 3. Accommodation of Services Building services are accommodated and are given 0.8 meters. For services located in the basement, ground floor, and first floor; there is enough space for the conveyance of building utilities and at the same time, their pipe runs can be concealed. However, cladding must be made at the 1st floor overhead utilities (e.g. lighting), since there is no ceiling at the 1st floor. C. Scheme 2: 1. Functional Framing Scheme 2 is designed to have the least number of structural members as possible. The advantage to this approach is less members and longer spans that would give to larger uninterrupted spaces. However, members would have to be bigger or deeper to support longer spans. The framing for the basement remains the same as in the previous scheme. The framing support for the ground floor is remarkably decreased. This is for the reason that tie beams have been eliminated considering that the ground floor slab would be slab-on-fill. A wall footing tie beam is designated as support for the admin office wall. For the first floor framing, only one intermediate beam is designated for the slab at the adult's reading area. The span of 9-meters on the side of the cavity wall side is supported by two columns only. The roof framing is the same as in scheme 1. 2. Load Transfer and Stability Aspects As in scheme 1, the area of concern is on the supports at the faade since no column is located on the center of the faade that would possibly support a

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Environmental issues in China and the role of government Essay

Environmental issues in China and the role of government - Essay Example From this book, we can learn that the Chinese government is reluctant to reduce the rate at which its companies are engaging in manufacturing and other forms of production. This is because these companies contribute to the development of the Chinese economy, reducing their operations will lead to a fall of its economies. It is on this basis, that the Chinese foreign policy is formed. This source is important in explaining the source and origin of Chinese environmental problems. This source is very useful because it analyzes the various government policies in regard to industrialization and environment. However, there are some biases in this source. The bias emanates from the notion that it is the Chinese government that encourages environmental destruction through its internal and foreign policies which are meant to protect their companies. These companies are the main sources of carbon emissions in the air. To counteract this bias, I am going to look for a book that identifies some achievements of Chinese companies, and their environmental policies. Economy, Elizabeth. The river runs black: the environmental challenge to China’s future.Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004. Print. The book explains the various environmental challenges that China faces. This book explains the role of invasive plant pathogens in causing an environmental disaster in China. This book also explains the role of Chinese large population in creating environmental problems in China, and the one child policy that the government of China initiated to solve the problem under consideration. It also addresses water pollution, and its impact on the Chinese people. This book explains in detail the various policies of the Chinese government in tackling environmental degradation. It analyzes these policies, with the intention of finding out whether they are effective or not. This book tries to give a prediction of the Chinese environment in the coming years, and the prediction is on the negative. That is the Chinese environment will be heavily polluted. This book is useful because it identifies the various factors that lead to environmental degradation in China. It also explains in depth the various policies that the Chinese government has initiated for purposes of tackling environmental pollution. However, this book has a bias. Its main bias is that it fails to recognize the efficiency of some Chinese policies in tackling environmental pollution. To counteract this bias, I will have to look for a book that identifies and explains the successes of the various Chinese policies on the environment. Marks, Robert. China: its environment and history. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012. Print. This book identifies the historical evolution of China, and the various methods that guide the Chinese government into formulating policies. Of major concern in this book, is its identity of the Chinese industrial economy. One major theme identified is the role of industries in the destruction of the environment. However, this book identifies the various policies of these industrial companies, and how they help to solve the problems of environmental pollution that emanates from them. This book identifies the role of the environmental civil societies in promoting effort to conserve the environment. This book denotes that these efforts are successful, and the government usually implements policies that are lobbied by these groups. The government usually conducts checks to identify if the policies they have

Tight Binding method for carbon nanotubes Essay

Tight Binding method for carbon nanotubes - Essay Example Carbon nanotubes are long, thin cylinders of carbon and have a very broad range of electronic, thermal, and structural properties that change depending on the different kinds of nanotube. The chiral vector of the nanotube, B'= nR1 + mR2 where R1 and R2 are unit vectors in the two-dimensional hexagonal lattice, and n and m are integers. Another important parameter is the chiral angle, which is the angle between Band R1. Diameter D = a3 (n2 + nm + m2)/ p ,Where, ac is the distance between neighboring carbon atoms in the flat sheet. The different values of n and m lead to different types of nanotube. They are armchair, zigzag and chiral nanotubes. Armchair nanotubes are formed when n = m and the chiral angle is 30. Zigzag nanotubes are formed when either n =0 or m==0 and the chiral angle is 0. Other nanotubes, with chiral angles between 0 and 30, are known as chiral nanotubes. The properties of nanotubes are determined by their diameter and chiral angle, both of which depend on n and m. The electronic characteristics of the nanotubes have been done by numerical band structure, the structure of the chemical bonds. is given by the local spatial structure of the orbital. The electronic structure of the nanotube fragments are calculated by SCF-MO-LCAOVmethods. In this method, only valence electrons are taken into account and the three- and four-center integrals are omitted and the repulsion of lone electron pairs can be explained. The SCF convergence criterion was 10-8for total-energy changes and 10-5 for charge-density changes between two subsequent cycles. Band structure calculations of [n, 0] (n = 6, 7, 8, 9)tubes were performed using the tight-binding Hamiltonian, with a universal set of first and second nearest-neighbor hopping integrals that reproduce various carbon structures, including graphite. The 2s, 2px, 2py, 2pz, and s* orbital of each carbon atom are used as the basis set for expressing the tight binding model. The Hamiltonian matrix elements and related parameters are obtained by adjusting the model to fit photoemission band-structure data. The (6, 0) carbon tube seems to have the lowest diameter and are thermodynamically unstable. The bonds at the ends of the nanotube fragments get saturated by hydrogen atoms. The structural unit of the tube is the distorted carbon hexagon. All c-c bonds were assumed to be of the same length: 1.4 . Page 3 The distance between third-neighbor carbon atoms along the tube circumference is 2.39 . The point group symmetry of the (6, 0) nanotube fragment is determined by the number N of carbon hexagons along the tube axis. There is a difference between heat of formation of the nanotube fragments, caused by the boundary atoms affect, strongly at the central part of the nanotube fragment. In the above Figure, the dispersion curves of the (n, 0) tubes with n = 6... 11 are shown. This tube family splits into three groups. The (3n, 0) tubes have vanishing energy gaps. The gap increases in (3n + 1, 0) and in (3n + 2, 0) tubes. Consequently, (6, 0) and (9, 0) tubes will likely show metallic conductivity, similar to graph. In graphite, orbital are represented in carbon nanotubes, the radial orbital are analogous to the lone orbital of graphite .This changes the character of the frontier orbital

Security Threats and Defenses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Security Threats and Defenses - Essay Example It is therefore the responsibility of any success oriented organization to enlighten its employees on the underlying security threat. An ethical, well goal oriented team is always desired. Information security is a major concern to all organizations. It ought to be part of every organization’s internal controls and operations. These controls ought to be internalized in a way that the employees are made to realize that violation of security puts them at a greater risk. These services to make employees feel their loyalty is crucial to the success of the business. In addition, information security need be given priority and adopted as a distinct value in any institutional culture governing staff behavior. It is therefore necessary to review security policies by offering training forums to employees. Another way of promoting security is by way of regularly reviewing security guidelines to ensure they are relevant an in line with the expected performance. Communication between the management and the employees ought to be health for security purposes. This aids in that employees can report underlying identified security threats before they occur. Healthy communication patterns not only boost security, but also save the company from incurring unnecessary costs arising from security compromises. Fraudsters have devised many forms of interfering with the security systems of organizations. For instance, there has been intensive use of ignorance of controls by employees. This occurs in organizations where employees think some process are long and bureaucratic and hence, want a quick way out of it. Ignorance is no defense as it compromises the security of an organization (Hadnagy, 2011). It also occurs where employees are not well briefed on internal controls and information security patterns of an organization. Proper security training need to be impacted on the employees to avoid embarrassment when sensitive and confidential information is

Women In Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Women In Macbeth Essay Shakespeare â€Å"Macbeth† and Robert Browning â€Å"The Laboratory, are related via the theme of power and in both stories in involves a murder plot. In both works it shows ambitious women is willing to resort to murder to accomplish their ends. Both are not afraid to kill, both use a lot of descriptive language and they are both planners. Both women in Macbeth and The Laboratory are shown to seek power thru an intended killing to gain themselves some power they covet which is currently possessed by their intended victim. Macbeth seeks the crown of Scotland by murdering the king, and the narration of The Laboratory seeks a redress of grievance via the murder of her rival .The similarity in both characters is that both are open to kill and they showed no remorse or moral problems in it. Like for example in The Laboratory the narrator describes how is she going to kill her lover’s mistress. â€Å"Now that,trying thy glass mask tightly My gaze tho these faint smoke curling whitely As though pliest thy trade in this devil’s smithy Which is the poison to poison her,prither?   As this compared to Lady Macbeth of killing Duncan, which can be seen in Act 1, Scene 5 p.20. â€Å"Come to my womans breast, and take my milk for gall, you murdering minister Whereas in your sightless substance You wait on nature’s mischief Come,thick,night And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell. With these scene in Macbeth and the lines in The Laboratory poem it shows that the character doesn’t show any remorse till the end until she loses her mind and stricken with guilt. These women shows that they quite brutal, aggressive and violent characters as what Lady Macbeth describes, she would dash her child’s brain on the ground rather than break a promise to her husband whereas the speaker in The Laboratory describes how she would like the rivals to suffer and die. They both use their femininity to manipulate men into doing what they want, and in both contexts, society would have been appalled by this type of woman. They both seem a little mentally unstable the speaker in The Laboratory is very paranoid and seems to jump between talking about murder and talking about dancing making her sound just a little psychotic! Lady M eventually goes mad andcant cope with the guilt, her sleepwalking scene shows just how disturbed she is.

Data Warehousing: Benefits and Implications

Data Warehousing: Benefits and Implications WHAT IS DATA WAREHOUSING? The term data warehouse or data warehousing was first coined by Bill Innon in the year 1990 which was defined as a â€Å"warehouse which is subject-oriented, integrated, time variant and non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision making process†. When referring to data warehousing as subject oriented, it simply means that the process is giving information about a particular subject rather than the details regarding the on-going operations of the company. Moreover, when data warehousing was referred to as integrated it means that the data or information which are gathered from a number of sources are then all gathered to synthesize a coherent whole. On the other hand, data warehousing being time variant simply means that the data available were identified on a particular period. Lastly, data warehousing as being non-volatile means that the data is stable and when a new data is added to the system, the old data are never removed, instead they just remain there and this enables the organization to be able to give the management consistency in their business (Inmon, 1995). In the existence of modern times with the advent of technological advancements inevitably affecting the businesses in major ways, there has also been a development and emergence of new measures, practices, and techniques which used technology to be able to provide an unwavering solution to the problems in the organization with regards to the level and kind of information that the organization needs to be able to survive and prosper amidst the increasing competition in the market. Undeniably, one of this techniques and practices refers to the emergence of data warehousing as a tool helping todays businesses to be able to manage competition and the turbulent economic condition. The birth f the concept of data warehousing can be contributed to various researches and studies which were conducted in the past to provide various organizations with the means of getting information in a manner which is efficient, effective, and flexible. The data warehousing which is known today among the cor porate practice is not what it was when it started almost two decades ago. The practice of data warehousing nowadays is a result of the experiences and technologies in the last twenty years. Bill Inmon and Ralph Kimball are two of the heavyweights when it comes to data warehousing. However, although their names are known in this field, these two scholars have two varying views with regards to data warehousing. The paradigm which was illustrated by Inmon holds that the data warehouse forms only a part of the general business intelligence system. On the other hand, the paradigm of Kimball assumes that the data warehouse is a conglomerate of all the data in the organization. Other researchers assume that there is no right or wrong theories among the two assumptions from the two heavy weighs in data warehousing. However, most of them support the notion of Kimballs paradigm. They believe that most data warehouses started only as efforts from various departments starting on what they call as data marts until they develop and evolve to become a data warehouse. Furthermore, according to Manning (1999), data warehousing ahs been heralded as one of the sustainable solutions to management information and dilemma and such also provide the organization and environment which entails various benefits if they are practiced in the right way and if the perspectives are directed towards the right goal. The process of data warehousing is said to have the intention of providing an architectural model which can best provide an illustration for the flow data from the systems regarding the operation to the decision support environments. However, according to the same author, one problems stems down from the data warehousing technique that is such a system is said to be too expensive to be affordable by some organizations or businesses. It is undeniable that data warehousing continues to attract interest, it is also undeniable that many projects are failing to deliver the expectations from what they are supposed to deliver and they still prove to be too hi gh of accost to be handled by some businesses. However, to be able to justify this relatively high cost, it has been said that organizations should look at the long term benefit of the warehouse rather than simply looking at the short term benefits that such can offer. Moreover, data warehousing is also said to be designed â€Å"to be able to support ad hoc data analysis, inquiry and reporting by end-users, without programmers, interactively and online† (Heise, n.d.). The author also mentioned some key factors which can make the data warehousing practice a success among different organizations. According to him one of the key ingredients to the success of the practice is to make the management, especially the higher management, aware and conscious of all the benefits which this tool entails and what can data warehousing do to improve the performance of the business. The author as a key to the success of data warehousing is choosing the right people to make it happen. By choosing the right people, the author does not disregard the fact that the contribution of individual minds should be recognized to form a synthesis and a greater whole. Training strategy, the right structure or architecture, a sustainable mission statement, showing early ben efits, ensuring scalability, understanding how important is the quality of data, and using only proven and effective methodology are some of the other key ingredients to make data warehousing a successful practice. THE BENEFITS OF DATA WAREHOUSING David Heise was able to identify some of the benefits of data warehousing. According to him some of the benefits that it offers include the fact that it has a relative orientation on the subject area, it has the ability to provide an integration of data which were retrieved from diverse and multiple sources, it allows data analysis from time to time, it adds ad hoc inquiry and reporting, it provides decision makers with the capabilities to analyze, it relieves the IT from information development, it ahs the ability to provide better performance for complex analytical queries, it relieves the burden of processing databases which are based on transactions, it allows a planning process that is perpetual and continuous, and lastly, it converts corporate data to make them strategic information which can help them in planning for a better performance of the organization. Another benefit of data warehousing is that it enables and it helps different organizations in the strategic decision making resulting into formulation of strategic decisions which are geared towards enabling a better business performance and yielding better results. It can be assumed that most data warehousing practices are not intended for strategic decision making because they are normally used for post monitoring of decisions regarding to how effective they are. Nonetheless, it should not be also disregarded that data warehousing, according to LGI Systems Incorporated, can also be sued for strategic decision making and can be used profitably. Another benefit of data warehousing is that it enables the user to have unlimited access to a relatively very large amount of enterprise information which can be used to potentially solve a large amount of enterprise problems which can even be used to increase the profitability of the company. A very well-designed data warehouse can yield a greater return-on-investment with unlimited benefits nad the ability to better assess the risks associated with the organization. SAPs DATA WAREHOUSING SOLUTION For most of the companies which are implementing SAP, the next logical step for them would be the consideration of data warehousing as a useful tool and technique in the conduct of their business performance. In some situations, there are companies which use data warehousing as being parallel with the SAP transaction system. SAP has usually been regarded among organizations as their most important reference for transaction data. With that, it can be regarded that data warehousing, when coupled with SAP, can provide a greater solution and better transaction records (Khan, 2005). It has been said that the main objective of data warehousing is the ability to be able to analyze data from a variety of sources which can support businesses when they a making decisions. BW or the Business Information Warehouse is regarded as being the SAPs data warehousing solution. BW refers to an end-to-end data warehousing solution which uses Sap technologies which are already in existence. It is composed of various layers and types of information which are essential in building the BW architecture and in executing data warehousing solutions which will be helpful in the companys business performance. SAPs data warehousing solution can also be helpful in other aspects such as quotation processing, order processing, delivery, analysis and comparison and administrative and management functions (Fu Fu, 2003). The Business Information Warehouse, being SAPs data warehousing solution, has been developed specifically for business to be able to potentially analyze and gather various types and kinds of relevant information which will provide statistical information about related transaction in the best ways possible. The BW is helping the knowledge workers to quickly mine and gathers the data of the business; it is also equipped with pre-configured information on reports and models. COMPANIES USING DATA WAREHOUSING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS An example of a known company which uses data warehousing is WalMart. Being the worlds largest retailer, many say that the company should be also the organization with the largest data warehouse which is going to serve as the database of its inventory and all transactions related to their business performance. The data warehousing also has a big implication on the business of WalMart. According to the management of the worlds largest retailer, more than any other purpose, their data warehouse is helping them to be able to make decision support systems between the company and its various suppliers. Aside from that, another implication of data warehousing on WalMart is that it enables the suppliers to be able to access a large amount of online information and data which will be helpful with their suppliers in terms of improving their operations. One example of companies using and reaping the benefits of adapt warehousing will be various pharmaceutical companies, or in a larger scale, the general healthcare industry. For most of the pharmaceutical businesses which are under operation, they were able to acknowledge the fact that they lack a sustainable focus on their promotional practices, resulting to diffused sales efforts. With that, they regard that data warehousing technique has a big implication in their business because they regard such as the best medicine and remedy for the aforementioned problem. They are even using data warehousing to be able to attain a sustainable competitive edge against other businesses in the industry. In the case of pharmaceutical companies, it has an implication also in the marketing department. Data warehousing helps the marketing department, through various information contained, to come up with promotional and marketing activities which can yield them maximum results. Moreover, data wareho using also has an implication on the human resources department of the organizations because they can also help in the effective allocation of people and resources (Desai, 1999). REFERENCES: Desai, Amit; For Pharmaceutical Companies, A Data Warehouse Can be Just What the Doctor Ordered Fu, Henry, Fu, Biao; SAP BW: A Steb by Step Guide; 2003 Heise, David; What is Data Warehousing; n.d. Inmon, W. H.; What is a Data Warehouse?; Prism; 1995 Khan, Arshad; SAP and BW Data Warehousing: How to Plan and Implement; 2005 LGI Systems Incorporated; The Data Warehousing Information Center; Accessed on April 9, 2010 from http://www.dwinfocenter.org/strategy.html Manning, Ian; Data Warehousing; Adopting an Architectural View and Maximizing Cost Benefits; 1999

Employees training and development of hrm will influence the performance of an organization.

Employees training and development of hrm will influence the performance of an organization. 1. Introduction Noe(2005) states that â€Å"Training and development is including activities that help cultivate employees skills, knowledge, and abilities. Trained employees have competencies to meet the current and future needs of organization. Through the training and intervention measures, the human resources departments help organizations to establish a high-performing, active and engaged workforce†. In the business world, training and development refers to support internal human resource efficiency of extra studies education and improve the process in an organization. Due to the training and development inseparable, these two words are generally used to define employee with each other in continuously improve to achieve a series of organizational goals. If without training and development programs, organization may not be able to realize their full potential. In most organizations, training and development task is to deal with human resource management personnel. This relationship depends on everybodys communication, cooperation and clear set of job skills as defined by job descriptions among all levels of the organization. When an organizations values can make employees eager to achieve their goals, then employee development plan can be implemented to make this kind of circumstance happening (Neo, 2005). The purpose of this assignment is talking about how employees training and development of HRM will influence the performance of an organization. I am going to find out some evidences, provide literature reviews and through analysis to introduce how training and development influence organizational performance. 2. Research Question This assignment topic describes that how the employees training and development of HRM will influence the performance of an organization.Training and development are important components of human resource. This is a process in which the potential talents and skills of employees are honed and polished. The employees are trained on both the technical aspects of their jobs and on interpersonal skills. This topic let people know the employees training and development of importance in the human resource management and what relationship between training development and performance of organization is. 3. Importance of Study Training and development is structure to help employees to develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge and the abilities. For all aspects of human resource development, especially, the most superior workforce is the development, so that their organizations and individual employees can do the work goals for customer service. All employees want to be valuable at any times in the competitive labor market. This is only way can be achieved through staff training and development. All employees want to be valuable at any times in the competitive labor market. This is only way can be achieved through staff training and development. Employees always want to for improving career-enhancing skills, which will always lead to the enthusiasm and retention of the employees. there is no   doubt that a good training and development employees will be a valuable asset to the organization and Thus increasing opportunities of efficiency in performing his duties (Tobby,2011). Training can be primarily of two types in an organization: Internal and external training course. When training is the internal training, it is including that organizations internal hr department or training department is using a senior staff or any outstanding staff in specific sectors as a resource person. On the other hand external training normally conducted outside the company, mainly is organized training institutions or consultant. No matter which training, it is crucial for all staff and helps in building career positioning and preparation of staff for greater challenges (Tobby,2011). The employer should enable staff to pursue work training and development in a direction that they choose and are interested in, not just in assigned specific direction. The organizations should support the learning, in general, and not just in support of the current knowledge workers needed for the job or next expected. It should be noted that the key factor is to ensure employees engaged in the interest of, attending, and motivated and retained (Adiele, 2009). For every employee to perform well especially managers or supervisors, there is need for continued training and development. The right staff training, development and education offer big profit for the employer to the increased productivity, knowledge, loyalty, and contribution to common growth of the organization. In most cases, external training for the participants of the example provides a new way to meet people in the same field and network. The meeting will give them a chance to compare problems, find out what is to obtain the other side environment. It definitely will introduce positive changes where necessary (Adiele, 2009). 4. Literature Review 4.1 background information Noe(2005) states that â€Å"Traditionally, training and development was not considered as an activity that could help organizations to create â€Å"value† and deal with competitive challenges successfully. Nowadays, that view changed. Organizations use innovative training and development programs is likely to report better financial performance than their rivals that not do. Training and development also helps a company to meet competitive challenges. For instance, as organizations tried to put new products to market and adjust services just-in-time, employees need training and knowledge required as soon as possible delivery.† At present, training and development plays an important role in helping organizations meet some challenges. Therefore, organizations need to train employees to work with persons from different cultures both in domestic and foreign people. If the training such as Web and multimedia, these new technologies will reduce the costs associated with bringing employees to a central location for training. In homology, these training methods include the necessary conditions (feedback, practice, etc) for learning to occur. Due to the development of the internet, e-commerce has exploded on the business scene. Organizations have already recognized that training and development activities can adapt to the Internet, reducing costs and increasing their effectiveness, resulting in the development of electronic learning (Neo, 2005). Training effect has expanded beyond training program design. Effective instructional training is still important, but more and more training managers, human resource experts and training staff have been asked to create systems to motivate employees to learn, share that knowledge with other employees in the organization. Training has moved from an emphasis on a one-time event to the creation of conditions for learning that can occur through collaboration, online learning, traditional classroom training, or a combination of methods. There is increased recognition that learning occurs without a formal training course (Neo, 2005). 4.2 Key point 1 Better performance of the employees Training is a process of learning as well as the application of acquired knowledge aiming at better performance of the employees,while development involves not only in relation to the process, but also related to help employees in establishing their personality, at the same time as, improve their progress to realize their full potentials. Training and development programs bring a huge change in terms of knowledge, attitudes and behavior of employees. Because of these programs, the employees are not only familiar with what is expected of them and how they need to enhance their skills and abilities, but also it is a way to complete the entire organization development, effectiveness and efficiency in a desired manner. The major advantages of Training and development programs are the employees who are not trained need more supervision than those who are trained.An employee will gains new knowledge, skills and attitudes and applies them in their work situations.Training is a kind of method to build up confidence among the employees, so that they dont have any obstruction to operate their tasks. The purpose of this program is to save money, because the organization is likely to bear heavy expenditure on hiring new employees.This is also one of the best ways to expand the span of management. 4.3 Key point 2 Benefits for both the organization and employees The benefits of Training are intangible and it is good for both sides that the organization and employees for long-term investment in training. Training enhances the employees level of skills. It provides sense of satisfaction; this is a kind of inner motivation. The training also provides a variety of sills employees. Training increases the employees commitment to their job and their organization. It is better understanding of jobs reduces accidents (Ansar, 2009). The one of the most important benefits of an organizational training is that it provides skills within the organization to reduce comprehensive cost of the organizational operations. Quality is one of the key factors needed for survival of an organization in long term interests. Total Quality Management (TQM) and other quality management techniques require employees training as an important requisite for its successful implementation (Ansar, 2009). 4.4 Key point 3 Competitive lead To achieve competitive advantage from the organizational training and development, training and development department help remove insufficient or performance deficiencies in employee. It   is particularly true when (1) the deficiency is caused by a lack of ability rather than a lack of motivation to perform, (2) the individual(s) involved have the aptitude and motivation need to learn how to do the job better, and (3) supervisors and peers are supportive of the desired behaviors (Kumar, 2011). An organizational training and development pays dividends to the employee and the organization. Although there are no single training program benefits, the organization committed to improve its training and development to enhance its human resource capabilities and strengthens its competitive advantages. Meanwhile, the employees personal and career goals are furthered, generally adding to his abilities and value to the employer. Ultimately, the objectives of the human resource department are also furthered (Kumar, 2011). 4.5 Summary of Literature Review Training and development is a very perfect way to improve the competitiveness of an organization. It also enhances the employees skills, abilities and many other aspects. Actually, both of employees and organization obtain the benefits. Training and development program is one of the best ways to expand the span of management. It is also to save money for organization. 5. Analysis 5.1 Analysis for point1 Well-trained, skilled employees are far better than those without training, and they have better careers prospects. They will become competent and perform their assigned task independently. For example, once an untrained employee asked his friend who was trained, â€Å"I dont think training program is of any value. After all what you learn by it? † He replied, â€Å"We are trained even how to ask questions and the art of effective communication which you seem to be lacking.†In fact, its interesting example, but it reveals the fact as training is covered all necessary skills of the employees required in the workplace while motivating them to work in a desired and capable way (zeromillion.com, 2011). Internal training provides the accurate positioning and demand with satisfaction of those needs then interwoven into current processes and workflow. When a new problem or aspect of work is identified, training and development provides prompt development of the employee skills needed to master this process. Besides that, the training and development gives instructional staff opportunity for immediate correction of employee with mistakes in the workplace, immediate review, and more trainings identification. When training and development results have better effect, employees tend to display a greater sense of ownership and pride in their work. This can help organization to increasing productivity and efficiency, at same time, job satisfaction also increases.   Employees who are satisfied in their work are more likely to redouble their efforts and be more valuable to the company, which will in turn, put the organization in a stronger position (zeromillion.com, 2011). 5.2 Analysis for point 2 Customer satisfaction increases repeat business,this is a key to success.Training will promote good customer relations and according to training, organization will increase customer satisfaction and quality of service.â€Å"Just In Time† emphasize on waste reduction and production process of waiting time.Better training will reduce waste and machine down time. A major part of quality costs by supervision; by providing appropriate training this is reduced. Training improves productivity of employees and processes (Ansar, 2009). High staff turnover may be a serious threat to existence of an organization,training can reduce staff turnover and help an organization to retain its staff. Better training can make an organization more competitive in business market (Ansar, 2009). In a service industry organization main source of income is its employees professional knowledge and the skills, grasping professional with high skills is relatively expensive than training current employees to acquire those skills. Training is also a key requirement for new entry requirements; appropriate training helps them to understand their position, its requirements and responsibilities. Training will also increase the understanding organizational culture (Ansar, 2009). Training programs increases communication between different levels of an organization.Any shortage in processes and working were canceled and those close to production processes become involve in the management.Employees empowerment is a recent trend in management (Ansar, 2009). 5.3 Analysis for point 3Competitive lead There is greater flexibility, capacity, stability and for growth in an organization.Training provides employees at least in the stability of two aspects.Trained employees become efficient.Efficient employees contribute to the organization, especially when growth.In addition, well-trained employees tend to stay in the organization. They rarely left the organization.All generalists can be transferred to any job.Therefore flexibility is ensured.Growth indicates prosperity, which is reflected in increased profits from year to year.Who else but well-trained employees can contribute to the prosperity of an organization?According to training and development, accidents, scrap and damage to machinery and equipment can be avoided or minimized.Even complaints, absenteeism, dissatisfaction and turnover can be reduced if employees are trained well. Because of training and development programs, the future needs of employees will get satisfaction.Training serves as an effective source of recruitmen t. Training is an investment in human resources with a promise of better returns in future. Thus, organizations can get more competitive though the training and development (Kumar, 2011). 5.4 Summary of analyses They will become competent and perform their assigned task independently. Training can reduce staff turnover and help an organization to retain its staff. Better training can make an organization more competitive in business market. Trained employees become efficient.Efficient employees contribute to the organization. Finally, training and development can bring a lot of benefits to both of organization and employees. 6. Conclusion Recommendation 6.1 Conclusion In conclusion, we all know that training and development programs are important for an organization to develop the employee. When a child was born he required constant touch of parents till he stood on his own feet.An organization though flowered by creams of the society, still training is required due to rapid technological up gradation and change in working methods every day. Training aims at continued self-development of the employees. Employees are expected to develop themselves continuously in an organization. When the employees in an organization are developed from time to time with all updated knowledge, then definitely that organization will grow to a greater height. 6.2 Recommendation Both employees and companies are concerned with developing future skills and managing careers. Companies want a work force that is motivated and productive, has up-to-date skills, and can quickly learn new skills to meet changing customer needs. Employees want to develop skills that not only are useful for their current jobs but also are congruent with their personal interests and values. Employees are interested in developing skills that can help them remain employable with either their current employer or a future one. Given the increasing time demands of work, employees are also interested in maintaining balance between work and nonworking interests.

Full-time Students Vs. Part -t Essay -- essays research papers

Full-time vs. Part-time Students There are many similarities and differences between full and part-time students. Each student is trying for the goal of educating themselves to become more successful in life. As students begin their education there is a sense of motivation and eagerness. Knowing the possible compensations and honor that comes with this achievement. There can be a feeling of tension and uncertainty that comes with this new adventure. If an individual does not become discarded, and is willing to except the challenge of this feat, there is no limit to the success one can attain in their life. Students receive their degree at different times in their lives depending on their finances, responsibilities and time restraints. Full-time students are generally younger, and just out of high school. Full-time students must take a minimum number of courses, generally 12 or more semester hours. They normally have a set semester schedule of daytime or nighttime classes to choose from. They are often eligible for financial aid, or work-study programs because of the higher cost for a higher education. They may also receive a number of scholarships to help pay for their education. Full-time students usually do not have a family or as many outside responsibilities. They usually only have a part-time job and still live at home with their parents. The time restraints that full-time students have are homework, studying and fitting their job schedule into their school schedule. ...

Legal Ownership of the Parthenon Marbles Essay -- Parthenon Marbles

Legal Ownership of the Parthenon Marbles The controversy began almost one hundred years ago. Between 1801 and 1812, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin and British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, removed several sculptures from the Parthenon in Athens and shipped them to England, where he sold them to the British Museum in 1816. 167 years later, Melina Mercouri, Greek Minister of Culture, requested that the â€Å"Elgin† Marbles be returned. This request sparked one of the greatest debates the art world has ever known. For the past two decades, people have argued over who has the rights to these Marbles. The Greek position is certainly understandable from a cultural and emotional point of view. However, from the standpoint of legality and logic, it is hard to make a solid case against the Marbles’ continued presence in Britain. Legally, Greece could call for the return of the Parthenon Marbles if it could prove that they were wrongly taken and never belonged, legally or morally, to the British. If Lord Elgin’s title were proven defective, then the same would hold true for England’s title. In order to determine whether or not this is the case, the first question that must be raised is whether the Ottomans (then the recognized government of Greece) had the authority to transfer property rights to Elgin. Under international law at the time, acts of Ottoman officials with respect to property under their authority were valid. Even if those actions were not widely supported, they were still legal. The Ottoman officials had a solid claim to authority over the Parthenon because it was public property, which the successor nation acquires on change of sovereignty. Therefore, it is clear that the Ottomans had the power to give Elgin property rights. The next question that must be raised is whether or not they did. This has proven to be slightly less clear. Elgin obtained from the Ottoman government in Constantinople a formal written instrument called a firman. This document states: â€Å"It is incumbent on us to provide that they [i.e. Elgin’s party] meet no opposition in walking, viewing, or contemplating the pictures and buildings they may wish to design or copy; and in any of their works of fixing scaffolding ... around the ancient Temple of the Idols, or in modeling with chalk or gypsum the said ornaments and visible figures ... or in excavati... ...ons. New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Louvre in Paris, and all other western museums contain vast collections of work from other parts of the world. These marbles symbolize the cultural property in all of the world’s museums, and this debate affects them all. Works Cited Daley, Michael. â€Å"Phedias Albion,† Arts Review Volume 52 (2000): 34-35. Goldsmith, John. The Gymnasium of the Mind, The Journals of Roger Hinks 1933 – 1963. Salisbury: Michael Russell Publishing, 1984. Hitchens, Christopher. The Elgin Marbles: Should They be Returned to Greece? London; New York: Verso, 1998. Jenkins, Ian. â€Å"The 1930’s Cleaning of the Parthenon Sculptures in the British Museum,† The British Museum (2001): http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/parthenon/ Kurtz, Donna (ed.). Bernard Ashmole 1894-1988, An Autobiography. Oxford: Oxford Books, 1995. Merryman, John Henry. Thinking about the Elgin Marbles: Critical Essays on Cultural Property, Art, and Law. London: Kluwer Law International Ltd, 2000. St. Clair, William. â€Å"The Elgin Marbles: Questions of stewardship and accountability,† International Journal of Cultural Property Volume 8 Issue 2 (1999): 391-521. Legal Ownership of the Parthenon Marbles Essay -- Parthenon Marbles Legal Ownership of the Parthenon Marbles The controversy began almost one hundred years ago. Between 1801 and 1812, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin and British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, removed several sculptures from the Parthenon in Athens and shipped them to England, where he sold them to the British Museum in 1816. 167 years later, Melina Mercouri, Greek Minister of Culture, requested that the â€Å"Elgin† Marbles be returned. This request sparked one of the greatest debates the art world has ever known. For the past two decades, people have argued over who has the rights to these Marbles. The Greek position is certainly understandable from a cultural and emotional point of view. However, from the standpoint of legality and logic, it is hard to make a solid case against the Marbles’ continued presence in Britain. Legally, Greece could call for the return of the Parthenon Marbles if it could prove that they were wrongly taken and never belonged, legally or morally, to the British. If Lord Elgin’s title were proven defective, then the same would hold true for England’s title. In order to determine whether or not this is the case, the first question that must be raised is whether the Ottomans (then the recognized government of Greece) had the authority to transfer property rights to Elgin. Under international law at the time, acts of Ottoman officials with respect to property under their authority were valid. Even if those actions were not widely supported, they were still legal. The Ottoman officials had a solid claim to authority over the Parthenon because it was public property, which the successor nation acquires on change of sovereignty. Therefore, it is clear that the Ottomans had the power to give Elgin property rights. The next question that must be raised is whether or not they did. This has proven to be slightly less clear. Elgin obtained from the Ottoman government in Constantinople a formal written instrument called a firman. This document states: â€Å"It is incumbent on us to provide that they [i.e. Elgin’s party] meet no opposition in walking, viewing, or contemplating the pictures and buildings they may wish to design or copy; and in any of their works of fixing scaffolding ... around the ancient Temple of the Idols, or in modeling with chalk or gypsum the said ornaments and visible figures ... or in excavati... ...ons. New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Louvre in Paris, and all other western museums contain vast collections of work from other parts of the world. These marbles symbolize the cultural property in all of the world’s museums, and this debate affects them all. Works Cited Daley, Michael. â€Å"Phedias Albion,† Arts Review Volume 52 (2000): 34-35. Goldsmith, John. The Gymnasium of the Mind, The Journals of Roger Hinks 1933 – 1963. Salisbury: Michael Russell Publishing, 1984. Hitchens, Christopher. The Elgin Marbles: Should They be Returned to Greece? London; New York: Verso, 1998. Jenkins, Ian. â€Å"The 1930’s Cleaning of the Parthenon Sculptures in the British Museum,† The British Museum (2001): http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/parthenon/ Kurtz, Donna (ed.). Bernard Ashmole 1894-1988, An Autobiography. Oxford: Oxford Books, 1995. Merryman, John Henry. Thinking about the Elgin Marbles: Critical Essays on Cultural Property, Art, and Law. London: Kluwer Law International Ltd, 2000. St. Clair, William. â€Å"The Elgin Marbles: Questions of stewardship and accountability,† International Journal of Cultural Property Volume 8 Issue 2 (1999): 391-521.

Legality of Suicide and Assisted Suicide :: essays research papers

Suicide has become a big part of American society, year after year more people are taking their own lives for many different reasons. A lot of philosophers have broken down all the reasons of suicides into two different categories, rational suicide and irrational suicide. A rational suicide has been given five basic criteria that usually must be met for the person's act to be considered rational. The five criteria which a person must show for their suicide to be considered rational are, "the ability to reason, realistic world view, adequacy of information, avoidance of harm, and accordance with fundamental interests."(Battin 132) Another opinion of rationality of suicide is, "it is the best thing for him from the point of view of his own welfare-or whether it is the best thing for someone being advised, from the point of view of that person's welfare"(Brandt 118). People have to characterize suicides because a lot of times they don't understand what that person is going through so by grouping them and placing criteria on them it allows them to accept it in an easier manner. A lot of suicides are grouped in the rational category because they are committed so the person can be saved from the pain they may be experiencing from a terminal disease. This seems to be just about the only true rational and morally correct reason why a person should commit suicide. Yet a lot of times these patients are "heavily sedated, so that it is impossible for the mental processes of decision leading to action to occur."(Brandt 123) In other words these patients have a rational reason to commit suicide, yet their mind is not capable of making that decision. So if terminally ill patients are the only ones who have a good rational reason to commit suicide, then where does that leave everyone else? Well just about everyone else commits suicide because of a little thing that enters everyone's life at some time and that thing is called depression. Depression can come from several different things, such as a loss of something like a job, a loved one, a limb such as an arm or leg, or anything else that might be held dear to that person. Other things could be rejection at home or in the work place, abuse, and sometimes even the thought of getting old and not wanting to know what tomorrow holds in store.

Organizational Culture: Present Trends Essay

Organizational culture has been defined as â€Å"the set of shared values and norms that control organizational members’ interactions with each other and with suppliers, customers, and other people outside the organization† (Jones, 2004). Just as an organization’s structure can be used to achieve competitive advantage and promote stakeholder interests, an organization’s culture can be used to increase organizational effectiveness. This is because organizational culture controls the way members make decisions, the way they interpret and manage the organization’s environment, what they do with information, and how they behave. Culture thus affects an organization’s competitive position. As culture is discussed in terms of the values and norms that influence its members’ behavior, it usually determines how members of a firm interpret the environment, bond its members to the organization, and give it a competitive advantage. Recent advances that develop organizational theories that deals with culture in organizations have been instituted. These are developing high performance teams, managing organizational identity and managing diversity. Organizational culture exercises a potent form of control over the interactions of organizational members with each other and with outsiders. By supplying people with a toolbox of values, norms, and rules that tell them how to behave, organizational culture is instrumental in determining how they interpret and react to a situation. In developing concepts that enhance organization’s culture would literally translate success and competitive advantage in organizations. High Performance Teams  When working with a group or a company, one should be a team player in order for your tasks to be accomplished successfully. To quote, â€Å"Someone may be great at his or her job, maybe even the best there ever was. But what counts at work is the organization’s success, not personal success. After all, if your organization fails, it does not matter how great you were; you are just as unemployed as everyone else† (Johnson, Kantner & Kikora, 1990). In the work environment, teams materialize to focus on tasks or solve problems that are beyond the capacity of one individual. With this type of set-up that allow creative and innovative juices to flow through the constant sharing of information, people could appropriate division of labor among the members of the team can lead to more effective, more efficient and less stressful workplace. Their high levels of performance with regards to quantity, quality, and timeliness of work results can contribute to their sense of satisfaction, addressing a psychological and motivational need. With incessant exposure to each other, team members and their superiors could ascertain whether they have a team that can continue working together with synergy or their togetherness poses a detrimental effect on their output and interrelationships. In traditional organizational structures, teams were introduced and experimented on to see what works and what does not. While employees have already formed their own social groups for their personal interaction with other employees, management devised ways to re-group them and build teams that would be more productive for the organization. The old hierarchies were replaced with cross-functional structures that were both flat and self-directed. The emergence of the concept of High Performance Teams evolved. To date, organizations and businesses have shifted to this kind of paradigm. They are depicted as flexible but difficult to put together, expensive but worth every cent. To build a high performance team requires a lot of work, time, effort and money. The team leader can serve to be the conduit between the team and the management or other external organizations. Coordination of the team’s activities is also the responsibility of the team leader. Any team leader should be able to ensure that the team maintains the ethical standards of the organization. What’s important is for team members to be consistently coached by management or external agencies hired by management to continually trust, respect and support each other and the organization. Coaching coupled with their guidelines will keep in check their members’ behavior and enhance their decision making skills. Empowerment is a key for the advancement of these skills. To be empowered, the team needs to have information and resources. It also needs the management’s trust that they won’t abuse the information or the resources they are given, which is often curtailed by the guidelines they have set for themselves. This empowerment leads them to become cross-functional. They are then given a wider perspective of the processes and a detailed coverage of the activities that occur and address what needs improvement in the organization. In developing work environments, more corporations are now staunch in their support for diversity. Dealing with diversity in a way that makes it a strength has come to be known as â€Å"managing† diversity. According to Sharon Nelton: Managing diversity meant, and still means, fostering an environment in which workers of all kinds—men, women, white, disabled, homosexual, straight, elderly—can flourish and, given opportunities to reach their full potential and contribute at the highest level, can give top performance to a company (p. 19). When we refer to â€Å"diversity†, this could mean cultural, demographic, organizational or psychological and encompasses ethnicity, religion, gender, age, personality, values, attitudes, occupations, status, or job tenure. By working together in well-supervised teams that include women and men, young and old, minorities and non-minorities, employees can learn how to realize the full potential of diversity. According to Goetsch & Davis (2004), diversity in teamwork can be promoted by applying the following strategies: †¢ Continually assessing circumstances. Is communication among diverse team members positive? Do bias and stereotyping exist among team members? Do minorities and non-minorities with comparable jobs and qualifications earn comparable wages? Factors that might undermine harmonious teamwork should be anticipated, identified, and handled. Giving team members opportunities to learn. Humans naturally tend to distrust people who are different, whether the differences are attributed to gender, culture, age, race, or any other factor. Just working with people who are different can help overcome this unfortunate but natural human tendency. However, it usually takes more than just working together to break down barriers and turn a diverse group of employees into a mutually supportive, complementary team in which the effectiveness of the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. With regards to compensation, there should be an implementation of an appropriate compensation system. In other words, if you want teamwork to work, make it pay. This does not mean that employees are no longer compensated as individuals. Rather, the most successful compensation systems combine both individual and team pay. In Anne Schauber’s study (2001), it found that if a team’s performance is duly rewarded by the organization, a culturally diverse organization â€Å"may be more economical in the long run† and â€Å"will result in better service to a changing clientele†. It enhances the creativity and problem-solving capabilities of the organization† in such a way that the â€Å"previously untapped talent and energy will be focused on achieving organizational goals† (Schauber, 2001). Thus, diversity has become a positive contributing factor to the achievement of the goals of a high performance team. Moreover, De Vries and Manfred (2005) recently used the idea of Zen Buddhism in leadership group coaching to develop high performance teams. De Vries and Manfred (2005) said that Zen Buddhism has as its fundamental purpose the awakening of the mind and the individual attainment of spiritual enlightenment. A Zen teacher is concerned with self-help and helping others with wisdom and compassion. Given this mindset, Zen teachers can be seen as forerunners of leadership coaches. Like Zen teachers, such management coaches provide learning opportunities by giving constructive and balanced feedback. They serve as sparring partners. They help their clients reflect on their own actions. As a way of clarifying and enhancing consciousness, coaching has become the Zen for executives. With executives finally realizing the value of coaching, the coaching market—now a multi-billion-dollar enterprise—is ballooning. Originally carried out by â€Å"one-person bands,† leadership coaching has become a major activity for many large consulting firms. As corporations are constantly seeking methods to improve their own workplace effectiveness and efficiency, individual and group performance had to be measured. Work teams transform to become empowered to make decisions and improve performance; there is also an increased need for accountability. Virtually, all organizations with work teams need a means for measuring their teams’ performance. Indeed, high performance teams coupled with diversity could spell the success of any organization or corporation in our fast changing global environment. Managing Organizational Identity Organizational identity differs, most sharply, from organizational culture because of the prominent role of transference phenomena. The nature of emotional attachments and connectedness, or disconnectedness, is the footing of organizational life and the essence of organizational identity. The centrality of this emotional substructure is especially crucial when there is demand for organizational change and development. Change depends on members’ willingness to assume responsibility for their actions and to depart from the status quo. But this willingness is the result of mutual understanding of shared emotions between superordinates and subordinates, and often among peers in organizations, and is the outcome of their recognition of unconscious expectations and desires. Helping members to become aware of the structure of organizational identity and their place in it is a precondition for freeing them up for organizational change that is strategically sound and productive (Diamond, 1993, p. 7). Ravasi and Schultz (2006) had presented a recent longitudinal study of organizational responses to environmental changes that induce members to question aspects of their organization’s identity. Their findings highlight the role of organizational culture as a source of cues supporting â€Å"sensemaking† action carried out by leaders as they reevaluate their conceptualization of their organization, and as a platform for â€Å"sensegiving† actions aimed at affecting internal perceptions. Ravasi and Schultz (2006) explored organizational responses to environmental changes and shifting external representations that induced members to reflect on their organization’s recent and prospective courses of action and ask themselves, â€Å"What is this organization really about? † Although past research has documented the impact of desired images on organizational responses to environmental changes, they deemed that the influence of organizational culture—and in particular, the influence of its manifestations—on the redefinition of members’ collective self-perceptions. They found organizational culture became the central construct in understanding the evolution of organizational identities in the face of environmental changes, suggesting that collective history, organizational symbols, and consolidated practices provide cues that help members make new sense of what their organization is really about and give that new sense to others. Furthermore, the role of culture in preserving a sense of distinctiveness and continuity as organizational identity is subjected to explicit reevaluation. The findings suggest that the roles external images and organizational culture play in affecting organizational responses to identity threats may be more complementary than the current literature on organizational identity would suggest (Ravasi & Schultz, 2006). Building on evidence from their research, they developed a theoretical framework for understanding how the interplay of construed images and organizational culture shapes changes in institutional claims and shared understandings about the identity of an organization.

The Influence of Temperature in the Forward Osmosis Process

Chapter FourMathematical Model Chapter Four THEORETICAL ANALYSISMA andMathematical Modeling Purpose of the survey is to probe of temperature as a factor that influences the conveyance of H2O across the membrane in FO procedure. The steady-state theoretical accounts have been developed to foretell H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux (JouleTungsten) as map of temperature (Thymine) and bulk concentration (C) ( i.e. Draw and Feed concentration ) . It was besides study the consequence of temperature on some belongingss, such as Solute diffusion coefficient (CalciferolSecond) , Mass transportation coefficient (K) , Permeability coefficient (A) and Solute electric resistance (Km) . 4.1 Osmotic Pressure The osmotic force per unit area (?) of a solution depends on the concentration of dissolved ions in solution and the temperature of solution, and can be computed by utilizing Va n't Hoff equation: WhereNis the van’t Hoff factor ( histories for the figure of single atoms of a compound dissolved in the solution ) ,?is the osmotic coefficient,Cis the molar concentration ( molar concentration ) of the solution,Roentgenis the gas invariable andThymineis the absolute temperature of the solution. The van’t Hoff factor is introduced to cover divergences from ideal solution behaviour that include finite volume occupied by solute molecules and their common attractive force as in new wave derWaals attractive force ( Howard, 2003 ) . Table 4.1 show osmotic coefficients (?) for a figure of solutes of physiological importance ( Khudair, 2011 ) . For all solutes?depends on the substance and on its concentration. As the concentration of any solute attacks zero its value of?attacks 1. In ideal solution,?= 1 ( Glass tone, 1974 ) . Table 4.1 Osmotic Coefficients (?) and Van’t Hoff Factor ( N ) for a Number of SolutesSubstanceVan’t Hoff Factor (N)Osmotic Coefficients ( ? )NaCl20.93KCl20.92HCl20.95New hampshire4Chlorine220.92NaHCO320.96CaCl230.86MgCl230.89Sodium2So430.74MgSO420.58Glucose11.01Sucrose11.024.2 Concentration Polarization 4.2.1 External Concentration Polarization Concentration polarisation ( CP ) is the accretion of solutes near the membrane surface and has inauspicious effects on membrane public presentation. The i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux of H2O through the membrane brings feed H2O ( incorporating H2O and solute ) to the membrane surface, and as clean H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows through the membrane, the solutes accumulate near the membrane surface. Equations for concentration polarisation can be derived from i ¬?lm theory and mass balances. Harmonizing to i ¬?lm theory, a boundary bed signifiers at the surface of the membrane. Water and solutes move through the boundary bed toward the membrane surface. As H2O base on ballss through the membrane, the solute concentration at the membrane surface additions. The concentration gradient in the boundary bed leads to diffusion of solutes back toward the majority provender H2O. During uninterrupted operation, a steady-state status is reached in which the solute concentration at the membrane surface is changeless w ith regard to clip because the convective i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow of solutes toward the membrane is balanced by the diffusing i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow of solutes off from the surface. A mass balance can be developed at the membrane surface as follows: Mass accretion = mass in ? mass out ( 4.2 ) With no accretion of mass at steady province, the solute i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux toward the membrane surface must be balanced by i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uxes of solute i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡owing off from the membrane ( due to diffusion ) and through the membrane ( into the permeate ) as follows: WhereMeteris mass of solute,Jouletungstenis the experimental permeate H2O flux,Tis clip,CalciferolSecondis the diffusion coefficient of the solute,omegathe distance perpendicular to membrane surface,Cpeis the solute concentration in the permeate andE‘is the surface country of membrane. Equation 4.3 applies non merely at the membrane surface but besides at any plane in the boundary bed because the net solute i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux must be changeless throughout the boundary bed to forestall the accretion of solute anyplace within that bed ( the last term in equation 4.3 represents the solute that must go through through the boundary bed and the membrane to stop up in the permeate ) . Rearranging and incorporating equation 4.3 across the thickness of the boundary bed with the boundary conditions C ( 0 ) = CMeterand C ( ?Bacillus) = CF, cell, where CF, cellis the concentration of provender cell solution and CMeteris the concentration at the membrane surface, are done in the undermentioned equations: Integration outputs WhereKis the mass transportation coefficient and?Bacillusthickness of the boundary bed, rearranging the equation 4.6 when utilizing the van’t Hoff equation the eventually theoretical account from the concentrative external concentration polarisation at each permeate flux, could be calculated utilizing: Where?F, Bis the osmotic force per unit areas of feed solution at the majority and?F, mis the osmotic force per unit areas of the provender solution at the surface membrane. Note that the advocate is positive, he pointed out that ?F, m& A ; gt ; ?F, B. The draw solution in touch with the permeate side of membrane is the being diluted at the permeate membrane interface by the permeating H2O ( Moody and Kessler, 1976 ) . This is called diluted external CP. Both dilutive external CP phenomena cut down and concentrative the effectual osmotic driving force. A dilutive external CP modulus be identified as above, merely In the present instance, the concentration of the majority greater than concentration of the draw solution at the membrane surface ( i.e. ?D, B& A ; gt ; ?D, m) ( Cath et al. , 2006 ) : Where?D, mis the osmotic force per unit areas of the draw solution at the membrane surface and?D, Bis the osmotic force per unit areas of draw solution at the majority. The general equation depicting H2O conveyance in FO, RO, and PRO is ( Cath et al. , 2006 ) : Where,Athe H2O permeableness invariable of the membrane, ? the contemplation coefficient, and a?† P is the applied force per unit area. For FO, a?† P is zero ; for RO, a?† P & A ; gt ; a?† ? ; and for PRO, a?† ? & A ; gt ; a?† P ( see figure 4.1 ) . Figure 4.1 Direction and magnitude of H2O as a map of ?P. To pattern the flux public presentation of the forward osmosis procedure in the presence of external concentration polarisation, we start with the flux equation for forward osmosis, given as We assume that the salt does non traverse membrane, the osmotic contemplation coefficient (?) , assume equal 1. Equation 4.10 predicts Flux as maps of driving force merely in the absence dilutive external concentration polarisation or concentrative, which may to be valid merely if the permeating flux is excessively low. When higher flux rates, must be modified to include this equation both the dilutive external concentration polarisation and concentrative: Figure 4.2 ( a ) shows this phenomenon with a dense symmetric membrane ( McCutcheon and Elimelech, 2006 ) . 4.2.2 Internal Concentration Polarization If the porousness support bed of asymmetric membrane confronting feed solution, as is the instance in force per unit area retarded osmosis ( PRO ) , Polarization bed is established along interior of heavy active bed as H2O and solute propagate the porousness bed ( Figure 4.2 ( B ) ) . This is referred to as concentrative internal concentration polarisation, this phenomenon is similar to concentrative external concentration polarisation, except that it takes topographic point within the porous bed, and therefore, can non be underestimated by cross flow ( Lee et al, 1981 ) Obtained look patterning this phenomenon in force per unit area retarded osmosis ( Loeb et al. 1997 ) . This equation describes internal concentration polarisation ( ICP ) the effects and how it links to H2O flux, salt permeableness coefficient ( B ) and H2O permeableness coefficient: WhereKmis the opposition to solute diffusion within the membrane porous support bed,Kmis defined as WhereSecondthe membrane structural parametric quantity,?mis the thickness,?is the tortuousness and?is the porousness of the support bed,Kmis a step how easy it can be dissolved widespread support inside and outside Layer, and hence is a step of the strength of ICP. We maintain the usage of theKmterm due to convention established in old surveies on internal concentration polarisation. Salt permeableness coefficient ( B ) is about negligible compared with the other footings in the equation 4.12. Therefore, we ignore salt flux in the way of H2O flux and any transition of salt from the permeate ( draw solution ) side ( Gray et al. , 2006 ) . Therefore, flux can be solved for implicitly from equation 4.12: The exponential term in equation 4.14 is the rectification factor that could be considered the concentrative internal concentration polarisation modulus, defined as Where ?F, Iis the osmotic force per unit area of the feed solution on the interior of the active bed within the porous support. The positive advocate indicates that ?F, I& A ; gt ; ?F, B, or that the consequence is concentrative. Substitute Equation 4.8 into 4.14 to obtain an analytical theoretical account for the impact of internal and external concentration polarisation on H2O flux: All the footings in equation 4.16 are readily determined through computations or experiments. From equation we can cipher the flux of H2O through the membrane where feeding solution is placed against asymmetric support bed and the draw solution on the active bed. In forward osmosis applications for desalinization and H2O intervention, the active bed of the membrane faces the provender solution and the porous support bed faces the draw solution ( Kessler and Moody, 1976 ) . As H2O permeates the active bed, the draw solution within the porous infrastructure becomes diluted. This is referred to as dilutive internal concentration polarisation ( Figure 4.2 ( degree Celsius ) ) . ( Loeb et al, 1997 ) Descriptions likewise flux behaviour in the development of forward osmosis: When presuming that B = 0 ( i.e. , the salt permeableness is negligible ) and the equation 4.17 is agreement, are acquiring an inexplicit equation for the flux of H2O permeating: Here, ?D, Bis now corrected by the dilutive internal concentration polarisation modulus, given by Where ?D, Iis the concentration of the draw solution on the interior of the active bed within the porous support. The negative advocate because the H2O flux is in the way off from the membrane active bed surface, In other words, the concentration polarisation consequence in our instance is dilutive, intending that ?D, I& A ; lt ; ?D, Bby replacing equation 4.7 into 4.18, we get The footings in equation 4.20 are mensurable system conditions and membrane parametric quantities. Note that here ; dilutive internal concentration polarisation is coupled with concentrative external concentration polarisation, whereas in the equation 4.16, concentrative internal concentration polarisation was coupled with dilutive external concentration polarisation. In each of these instances, the external concentration polarisation and internal concentration polarisation moduli all contribute negatively to the overall osmotic drive force. The negative part of each addition with higher flux, which suggests a self-limiting flux behaviour, this implies that increasing osmotic drive force will supply decreasing additions in flux ( Tang et al. , 2010 ) . Figure 4.2 Illustration of osmotic driving force profiles for osmosis through several membrane types and orientations, integrating both internal and external concentration polarisation. ( a ) The profile illustrates concentrative and dilutive external CP. ( B ) PRO manner ; the profile illustrates concentrative internal CP and dilutive external CP. ( degree Celsius ) FO manner ; the profile illustrates dilutive internal CP and concentrative external CP (McCutcheon and Elimelech, 2006 ) . In this hunt if taking transmembrane temperature difference into history, the temperature being next to membrane surface will besides differ from that in bulk solution due to the happening of heat transportation. Hence, utilizing van’t Hoff jurisprudence for computation of osmotic force per unit area requires the temperature points to be purely in line with the concentration points as WhereC,TDandTFis the concentration, temperature draw and temperature, with the inferiors F, cell ( feed cell solution ) and D, cell ( draw cell solution ) . The theoretical account to foretell H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux can be rewritten to a modii ¬?ed by replacing equation 4.21 and 4.22 in 4.20, we get Figure 4.3 gives the conventional illustration of the concentration and temperature proi ¬?les in FO procedure operated under active bed – provender solution ( AL–FS ) . Figure 4.3Conventional diagram of mass and heat i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux proi ¬?les within boundary bed and membrane during FO procedure under AL–FS manner in the presence of temperature difference ( TF, cell& A ; gt ; TD, cell) . 4.3 Heat Flux Heat transportation from the solution to the membrane surface across the boundary bed in the side of the membrane faculty imposes a opposition to mass reassign The temperature at the membrane surface is lower than the corresponding value at the majority stage. This affects negatively the drive force for mass transportation. Under steady province conditions, derived from the heat balance, the heat transportation in the single compartments of system is represented by the undermentioned equation: In which Q denotes the heat flux, and the inferiors FS – BL, m and DS – BL represent feed solution boundary bed, membrane and draw solution boundary bed. By stipulating the equation 4.24, we obtain WhereHis the single heat transportation coefi ¬?cient,CPthe specii ¬?c heat of H2O,?tungstenthe H2O denseness. Rearranging the equation 4.25 gives expressed looks of temperature near the membrane surfaces as ( Zhong et al. , 2012 ) It is sensible to dei ¬?ne the temperature at interface of SL and AL by averaging theThymineF, mandThymineD, m 4.4 Heat Transfer Coefficients The finding of heat transportation coefi ¬?cientHis developed on the footing of the correlativity between Nusselt, Reynolds and Prandtl figure ( Holman, 2009 ) . For the laminar flow: For the disruptive flow: WhereNu=hL/? , Pr =CPhosphorus µ/? ,and.Nu is the Nusselt figure,Rheniumthe Reynolds figure andPraseodymiumthe Prandtl figure. TheCPhosphorusis the specii ¬?c heat,Literlength of the channel, µthe dynamic viscousness, and ? the thermic conduction of NaCl solution. The value µis obtained harmonizing to µ = , in which?is the solution denseness, and?the kinematic viscousness. The dependance of?on temperature can be described by Where And are the thermic conduction of H2O at temperature T and 298.15 K. The heat transportation coefficientHcalculated by Where happenNufrom equation 4.29 or 4.30 The overall heat transportation coefficientHmof FO membrane embodies the thermic conduction of both liquid-phase H2O go throughing the micro pores and the solid-phase membrane 4.5 Mass Transfer Coefficient The mass transportation coefficient is a map of provender flow rate, cell geometry and solute system. Generalized correlativities of mass transportation, which have been used by several writers ( Sourirajan, 1970 ) , suggest that the Sherwood figure,Sh,is related to the Reynolds figure,Re,and Schmidt figure,Sc,as: For the laminar flow: For the disruptive flow: Whereand.Shis the Sherwood figure,Scandiumthe Schmidt figure andvitamin DHis the hydraulic diameter, the hydraulic diameter is dei ¬?ned as Where tungsten and h the channel breadth and channel tallness severally. The parametric quantities,CalciferolSecondand?rely strongly on temperature, which can be quantitatively determined by empirical equations below. For aqueous electrolyte like NaCl,CalciferolSecondvalue of the ions is presented by ( Beijing, 1988 ) Where N ±is the absolute valley of ions ( i.e. N ±=1 ) , and ? ±is the tantamount conduction of Na+and Cl–ions, estimated as ( 4.40 ) In which( 5.1Ãâ€"10-3m2/? for Na ions ; 7.64Ãâ€"10-3m2/? for chloride ions ) is the mention tantamount conduction at 298.15 K ; temperature coefficient,,forSodium+, and,,for, severally. The empirical equations were employed to gauge kinematic viscousness of NaCl solution as Whereis the H2O viscousness at temperature T, expressed as In whichvitamin E= 0.12,degree Fahrenheit= -0.44,-ˆ= -3.713,I=2.792 are the fitting parametric quantities,CSecondthe NaCl molar concentration, andThymineRoentgenthe normalized temperature. There is besides another manner to cipher diffusion coefficient in the liquid stage of a dilute solution can be estimated by the Stokes – Einstein equation if the solute radius is clearly larger than the solvent radius WhereKBacillusis the Boltzmann invariable, T ( K ) is the absolute temperature,  µ is the dynamic viscousness of the liquid and ROis the radius of the solute. To cipher diffusion coefficients in aqueous solutions predict that diffusion coefficients really linearly with temperature and reciprocally with viscousness. Indeed, harmonizing to Li and Gregory, ( 1974 ) . In instance of the stokes – Einstein relation the diffusion coefficientD ( T )at a temperatureThymineis given as Where D( TO)is the diffusion coefficient at a mention temperatureThymineOand µ ( T )and µ ( TO)are the dynamic viscousnesss at temperaturesThymineandThymineO, severally. Note that temperatures are given in Kelvin. Finally the mass transportation coefficient K calculated by WhereShdiscovery from equation 4.36 or 4.37 4.6 Water Permeability Coefficient The equation ciphering pure H2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient A for FO procedure is derived from the theoretical account ; thereby the H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux of rearward osmosis procedure is predicted ( Baker, 2004 ) WhereCtungstenis the H2O molar concentration,Volttungstenthe molar volume of H2O,Calciferoleffthe effectual H2O molecule diffusivity within the pores of active bed of the FO membrane Wherevitamin DSecond( 4AO) andvitamin DPhosphorus( 7.2AO) are the diameter of H2O molecule and pore, and D the evident diffusivity, which is given as Along with H2O dynamic viscousness (  µw ) predicted by There is besides another manner to cipher membrane permeableness ( A ) i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡at-sheet bench-scale RO trial system was used to find the H2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient ( A ) of the CTA membrane. A membrane voucher holding an effectual surface country of 64 centimeter2was the active bed of the membrane confronting the provender solution. Mesh spacers placed in the provender channel enhanced the turbulency of the ultrapure H2O provender watercourse. A hard-hitting positive supplanting pump was used to recirculate the provender solution at 12 L/h. The FO membrane H2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient ( A ) was determined utilizing ( Lee et al. , 1981 ) . Where is the osmotic force per unit area difference across the membrane and ?P is the hydraulic force per unit area difference across the membrane. Because ultrapure H2O was used as the provender solution, was zero during the experiments. Pressure was increased from 1 saloon to 2 saloon. Pressure was held changeless at each increase for continuance of 3 h. Water i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux through the membrane was calculated based on the increasing weight of the permeant H2O on an analytical balance. The temperature was held changeless at 25OC. See figure 4.4 Figure 4.4 Flux vs. force per unit area and the swill is representedH2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient ( A ) . 4.7 Recovery Percentage The recovery factor measures how much of the provender is recovered as permeate. It is reported as a per centum ( Al-Alawy, 2000 ) . The recovery of the membrane was calculated by spliting the overall of permeate rate by the provender rate solution. Recovery, or transition, is defined by: WhereVoltPhosphorusis the overall permeate volume andVoltFis the provender volume solution. Figure 4.5 the flow chart of patterning FO H2O flux at different temperature matrixes. 1